Research Methodology

Name              -           Bhaliya Uma H.

Roll no:          -           01

M.A.Part-ii    -           Sem-iii

Paper             -           02, Ec-302.

Paper name   -           Research 

                                                                                     Methodology

Topic for assignment      -

“Research Methodology”

Submitted To:            Dr.Dilipsir Barad

                        Department of English.

                                    Bhavnagar university,

                                    Bhavnagar.                

Ø  Introduction

                The genesis of research lies in the progress of human life. The saga of development of man from ancient times to modern era is the result of research. Research inclined towards scientific knowledge and this scientific knowledge is nothing but the outcome of research. In the era of Aristotle and Greek philosophers new directions of research were opened up and foundations of scientific methods for research were established.

                     The dictionary meaning of research is construed as invitation or investigation or formal study of scientific enquiry or discovery.

                     “A careful investigation or inquiry specially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge”.

                     In the meanings of ‘Research’ given above three words are important: (I) study, (ii) invention (iii) discovery, and that the last two words require special description.

                     Invention is the application of an idea or thinking something new, for example a new machine or an instrument or a new way of doing a task.

                     Discovery is an accidental, unintentional and unexpected search for the first time without and problem.

                     So the research is nothing but a scientific study in order to discover new facts. It has a problem and deals with activities and solution. Research is a planned activity for solving a problem which is purposeful. Interitional with respect to outcomes. Research is a systematic investigation of problem in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.

Ø  Research and writing

                           Research not refers to any source of information and idea. But it explores an idea, issue and problem and many sources and tools are help to research and writing as follow that…..

Ø  The Research paper as a form of Exploration

                          We written many personal essays that presented our thoughts, Feelings, and opinions and that did not refer to any other source of information or ideas. It helps us to go beyond our personal knowledge. We undertake research when we wish to explore an idea, probe and issue, solve a problem, or make an argument in relation to what others have written.

                           There are two type of research paper. Primary research is the study of a subject through firsthand investigation. It includes statistical data, Historical documents, and works of literature or art. While secondary research is the examination of studies that other researchers have made of a subject. Secondary sources are articles and books about political issues, historical events, scientific debates, or literary works. A research paper discovering others. Research and then articulating your own ideas clearly and persuasively are at the centre of the educational experience. Research growes our knowledge and understanding of a subject. It help us to modify idea, shape our thinking provide new information about specific subject. That the main purpose of doing research is not to summarize the work of others. But to assimilate and to build on it and to arrive at your own understanding of the subject. If preparing research papers are just academic. Many reports and proposals required in business, government and other professions similarly rely on secondary research. Learning how to write a research paper it helps to prepare for Assignments in our professional career. It is very important that about a specific subject to combine this information with our ideas and to present our thoughts, findings and conclusions effectively.

Ø  The Research paper as a form of communication

                     A research paper is a form of written communication. Other kinds of nonfiction writing it should present information and ideas clearly and effectively. The mechanics of gathering source materials, taking notes, and documenting sources make you forget to apply the knowledge and skills have acquired through previous writing experiences. With the help of it we draw from of our research. Documentation should only support your statements and provide concise information about the source cited. It should not overshadow your own ideas or distract the reader from them.

Ø  Selecting a topic

                           Art, history, literature, science are different courses and different instructors offer widely varying degrees of freedom to students selecting topics for research papers. If your choice is limited to a set list of topics, you will probably still need to decide which aspect of a topic to explore or which approach to use. Give more time to think to choice of a topic. Look for a subject or an issue that will continue to engage you, throughout research and writing. You can also refine your topic by doing subject searches in reference databases and in online catalogs and through internet search tools, selecting an appropriate topics is seldom a simple matter. Before setting on a final topic make sure you understand the amount and depth of research required and the type and length of paper expected. A campus writing center can be a useful resource.

Ø  Conducting research

                Conducting research is important for research and writing. The modern Academic library helps us to evaluate resources for authority and quality before acquiring then for use in research. Many library offers resources in print and electronic forms and in other nonprint media e.g. Films, sound recordings, as well as computer services such as word access to the internet and some important resources are available only in the library building e.g. most books and other publication solely in print form microfilm materials, special collection. The library’s web site likely contains schedualing information on such classes as well as descriptions of available resources and services. The site may also offer online tutorials. While professional reference librarians help us to about available instructional programs and help you locate sources.

                     Library research sources help us to get many information. It four general categories.

                     Electronic sources library provided to journals available in electronic form.

                     Books and similar publications books are essential sources for many projects, and some instructors require that students use books. And in addition to articles, web sites, and other materials- during research.

                     Articles and other publications in print periodicals library give number of articles and writings published. E.g. reviews and editorials

                     Additional sources mens nonpring sources e.g. manuscripts or private letters. In special collections.

                     The central information system provide online information and it will help to students and faculty members to research sources the system ordinarily includes the library’s catalog of holdings, bibliographic databases, other electronic resources, and other electronic resources, and other information about the library.

                     Reference works like indexes and bibliographies categorize research materials by subject and provide data that source of author, title, data of publication, and so forth, and other reference works like encyclopedias. Dictionaries, and biographical sources, give basic information about works in print and electronic forms.

                     Reference works that provide data about research materials, first indexes and biblio- graphics are lists of publications usually classified by subject. Collection’s of abstracts present summaries of journal articles and other literature. Guides to research are devoted to specific subjects within fields. E.g. reference guide to mastery and detective fiction.

                     Reference works also provide information about subjects. Dictionaries provide information about words or topics and encyclopedias give introductory information about subjects. While biographical sources describe the lives of prominent persons etc. or statistical resources provide numerical or Quantitative facts.

                     Every field of study has standard reference works. Searching a reference database work is published in electronic and print formats, and also types of searches of the electronic version like as Author, title, subject expanded searches etc.

                           The online catalog of library holdings also use e.g. electronic publications, books, serials important par of a library’s central information system.

                     Searching an online catalog with the help of it we can locate a work in a number of ways. The most common are by author, by title, and by subject.

                     The bibliographinic information provided the author’s name and the full title and complete publication information. It shows the subject headings under which the book is cataloged and gives its international standard book numbers.

                     For the purposes of researching and writing your paper. You normally will not use most of the information that appears in the catalog entry. The information we need that is call number, of course, to locate, author, title, and full publication information.

                     Call numbers also help to the online catalog of library holdings in research. The call numbers in follow one of two system of classification. First the library of congress system divides book groups and second the Dewey decimal system classifies books to ooo to 900 under ten. Major headings and location of library materials also help to the online catalog of library holdings in research.

                     Modern academic libraries provide full – text databases not on these containing bibliographic citations and abstracts. A few well-known full-texts databases and explains how you might use then in your research. E.g. for author source, Aristor, Early English books online, Ebsco and project muse etc.

                     Other library resources and services, in research and writing the library’s provides very electronic print resources and its various services. Library resources also include microforms, media centre, electronic and other resources, interlibrary loans etc.

                           Web sources also help in research and writing. The World Wide Web a researcher can read and transfer material from library catalogs and millions of other useful sites. And web sources also provide range of sources, using recommended sites, gateway sites, searching the web book marking and recording the URL, recording the data of access, internet sources among other sources.

Ø  Compiling a Working Bibliography

                     Keeping track of sources help to compiling a working bibliography a record of such sources is called a working bibliography. The working bibliography will eventually evolve into the list of works cited that appears at the end of the research paper.

                     Creating a computer file for the working bibliography, a computer is particularly useful for compiling the working bibliography you create a file and enter full information about sources into the file as you proceed with your research. When you need that information you get and add new that save it, so bibliography information is essential to researching and writing the paper, be certain to save this file and to keep copies of it on paper and in a backup location.

                Recording essential publication information, when you add sources to your working bibliography, be sure you enter all the publication information needed for the works-cited list and the information to be recorded depends on the kind of source used.

                     Nothing other useful information, besides the data needed for works-cited list, it is useful to add other information to items in the working bibliography, and also the library call number, the URL and other identifying information required to locate each work.

                           Verifying publication information, checkout that the publication information. If printed out or downloaded the data, than add any missing information that is help to works-cited list. Recording and verifying all the information about your sources.

                           Converting the working bibliography to the works-cited list, if you working bibliography is in a computer file, edit the entries to remove unnecessary information. And arrange then alphabetically by author and title the list “works cited” when you have finished the final draft of your paper. Transfer the edited bibliography file to the end of the file containing the paper.

Ø  Evaluating Sources

                     Evaluate all sources you use for your research and focus on the authority, accuracy, and currency of the sources, considers such questions as the following. You take all of this thing to in your research that check it who is the author of the work and what are the author’s credentials for writing and publishing this work. When judged against your previous reading and your understanding of the subject. The author information is correct or not. All those thing that verified and also the author’s sources current or are they outdated. And who is the publisher of work and what is organization of the work all those quit clear.

Ø  Taking Notes

                           If material is useful. So you want to take notes on it.

                           Methods of note-taking, a note is important to research. So some use notes by hand on index cards or sheets of paper. And also including quotations, from your notes into the text of your paper and while taking notes at that time check the author’s full name and the complete title. It all are enough to information.

                     Types of note-taking, is three types of note-taking, first summary, give only the general idea of large amounts of material and second is paraphrase you make paraphrase that is to restate the material in your own words and last quotation, if you believe that some sentence or passage is important than give quotation mark it and also underline. It is important to our research.

                           Recording page or reference numbers, when a quotation continues to another page or section, carefully note where the page of section break occurs. So the recording page or reference numbers is help. To writing research.

                           Using a computer for note-taking, if you are using a computer for mote-taking than you can type in or download material, you can create one file for all sources or separate files for different sources and white you follow method or strategy than to save and back up all computer files. Because to set down or verify publication information you will need for research and writing.

Ø  Outlining

                     A working outline is a useful intermediary document between research and writing. It helps to a useful intermediate activity, an overall view of the paper and creating a computer file for each version.

                     A thesis statement is a single sentence that formulates both your topic and your point of view. It also helps to get an answer to a question or problem and your purpose and audience and also requirements and assistance of the instructor.

                     Final outline also helps you organize your ideas and research into a coherent paper. The most of common forms of outlining are the topic outline and the sentence outline.

Ø  Writing Drafts

                     The first draft writing a draft is help to research. The first drafts are usually rough and research papers generally composed through a series of drafts. And also subsequent drafts are increasingly refined. Revisions of the original version.

                           Writing with a word processor also helps to writing drafts in research papers. It has many techniques and limitations.

                     The final draft and the research project portfolio, and the assignment conclude with the submission of the final draft or of a research project portfolio.

Ø  Language and style

                     And at last that language and its style is important to research and writing. E.g. for the organization and development of your ideas, the coherence of your preservation, and structure of sentence, grammar and also capitalization, spelling, punctuation and also important that the words. Phrases, clauses, sentences and paragraphs that express you thoughts ideas precisely and that make them interesting to others. So at last all of this point is important for research and writing.

                           Thus, research paper is a critical and depth evaluation of the previous research and many thing and sources are useful to research and writing.

                 

the modernist literature.

Name                  -             Bhaliya Uma H.

Roll no:              -             01

M.A.Part-ii        -             Sem-iii

Paper                 -             01, Ec-301.

Paper name       -             the modernist   

                                                                              Literature.

                      

Topic for assignment      -

“The history of the 20^th Century English Literature”

Submitted To:      Dr.Dilipsir Barad

                    Department of English.

                              Bhavnagar university,

                              Bhavnagar.

                 

  

Ø INTRODUCTION

Ø Twentieth – century English literature (1901 – 1960)

                     The end of Queen Victoria’s and the beginning of Elizabeth II’s, thus, the year 1901 is beginning of 20^th century English literature. The modern age is she most complex, complicated, baffling and revolutionary age in the history of the world. It transformed she whole private and social life and revolutionary change in the English nation. She change from the blind to the new, from blind faith to rational thinking is very interesting.

                     The 20^th century had remained for mankind a perplex. On one side tremendous progress is seen but on the other means of total destruction are at hand. These means no doubt have been used at a smaller scale but devastation is terrific. Man was broken completely from all the sides. War, unemployment, poverty, competition have made man to think break down in social, political, economical and geographical condition’s brought a great downfall, disappointed, crushed, hopeless mankind began to search moral and spiritual values literature became a medium reasonable thinking led him for spirit of inquiry first fifty years of the twentieth century the human race moved faster forward and backward than during perhaps fifty generations in the past. Man’s growing mastery of the physical world and its material resources is a story of moral and spiritual relapse. Progress and regress, both, are fruits of the scientific revolution which has been the outstanding feature of this century.

                           Many of the poets, dramatists. Novelists’ and prose writers and their major works were published in the twentieth century. The poetry of 20^th century changing scenario of life and society. And prose has also remarkably developed in the twentieth century.

Ø The Novelists of 20^th century English literature.

·        H.G.Wells (1886-1946)

H.G.Wells was the most creative and old master. His novels can be divided into three categories.

(I) Fantastic romances or what is called “science fiction”. The men in the moon. The war of the worlds and the wonderful visit are full of romantic and imaginative but like a good story

(ii) Novels of character and humor, like kipps and the history of Mr. Polly. In such novels he gives a interesting picture of the lower-middle class English life.

(iii) The discussion novels like Tono Bungay which searchingly consider the deeper problems and aspects of human life and the ideas of progressive civilization.

·        Arnold Bennett (1867-1931)

Arnold Bennett greatest novel was the old wives’ Tale (1908), clayhanger, Hilda Lessways and These Twain. In Riceyman steps (1923) he gave a good regional novel.

“Arnold Bennett was at once she historian the philosopher, and the troubadour of our ordinary human life.”

                           -J.B. Priestley

·        John Galsworthy (1867-1933)

He is a writer of the problem play which in his hand became a powerful instrument of social criticism. He was a social reformer, showing always both sides of the question and think out the answer to his audience. Galsworthy obviously feels a warm sympathy for the victims of social injustice, and for the poor and downtrodden, and the underlying warmth plays the silver box deals with the struggle between capital and labour justices with the cruelty of solitary confinement; the skin game with the different values of the old aristocracy and the newly rich businessman;

·        Joseph Conrad (1857-1924)

He is the most artistic of modern novelists. His work is a triumph of impressionistic art. He departed from she the old form built famous novels are the nigger of narcissus, lord Jim: A  Tale, chance and shadow Line- A confession. Lord Jim is the first Novel of the twentieth century Written in “a new from”.

·        Bernard Shaw (1856-1950)

He was an advocate of the new problem and social drama of Ibsen. He was earnestly at work to prepare she ground for the advent of this new drama in England. He faced the problems of contemporary life and civilization. Fundamentals aim in his drama was the bettering of the lot of humanity. In his play he showed middle class respectability fattening on poverty and exploitation.

J.M.Barrie, Thomas Hardly many writer give best work of this century. Even E.M.Forester wrote about his stopping writing. “I had been accustomed to write about the old fashioned world with its homes and family life and its comparative peace. All that went ….. I cannot put it into fiction”.

                     The 20^th century had remained for mankind a perplex. On the side tremendous progress is seen but on the other means pf total destruction are at hand. These means, no doubt have been used at a smaller scale but devastation is terrific. Man has broken completely from all the sides. War, unemployment, poverty, competition have made man to think breakdown in social, political, economical and geographical conditions brought a great downfall. Disappointed, crushed, hopeless mankind began to search moral and spiritual values literature became a medium, reasonable approach and for spirit of inquiry.

·        Women novelists and rise of womanhood

Women had already written fine novels in the early years of the twentieth century. Women also get same qualities like as men writers.

Elizabeth Robins (1862-1962), she was presented combination of feminine insight and masculine vigour in her novel. The magnetic North is a very remarkable novel.

May Sinclair (1879-1946), her sixth book, The Divine fire (1904) is a long and detailed study of a poetic genius and also a book of uncommon merit. May Sinclair came under the influence of Freud’s psyche analytical theories and of Dorothy Richardson’s literary methods.

Rose Macaulay (1881-1958):- her orphan Island (1924) was very fine satirical paraphrase of Victorian history and many other novels. The tower of Trebizond (1956) is best novel of rose Macaulay’s. Is neither her best nor wholly a novel.

Elizabeth Bowen (1899-1973) is known for her brilliant the death of the heart (1938) and some short fiction. Almost all her mast or fiction deals with the theme of a young girl’s love affairs, betrayals and growing up

                     The 20^th century had seen women at their best. Early years are considered as the rise of woman hood. Their position grew stronger and stronger. In literature women writers come forward and revealed their world with their feministic views. Dorothy Richardson she was the pioneer of stream of conscious technique. She wrote a big novel ‘pilgrimage. Virginia Woolf also followed her during 1930, Ivy Compton Burnett describes family relationship in her novels: ‘Brothers and sister:’ men and wives’, ‘two worlds and their ways’. ‘Muriel sparks’s is’ the prime of miss jean brodic’. V.s.pitchett was a master story teller and critic dories Lessing’s novels and stories reveal the experiences of contemporary women the same is done by Irish myrdocn. Her novels are: “A severed head”. “The black princo”, “Nuns and soldiers”, “The good apprentice”. There are some important other novelists whose works have made mark these novelists are: Margaret drabbe A.s.byatt and Aita brookner. Thus in the field of literature too women have to established themselves.

Ø The 20^th century poetry or modern poetry.

The term “modern” is complex, but it is clear for us. For us it means poetry of 20^th century. With the beginning of the First World War in 1914, modern poetry is born. It grew much after the war. T.s.Eliot was the representative poet and influenced the period so it is widely known as the age of T.s.Eliot. Swinburne and Meredith were approaching and Meredith were approaching the Kipling, still in the fullness of their vigour belonged to the present. But not to the future. John Davidson and Arthur Symons had produced their best work.

·        Georgian poetry

In 1890’s decadents Dawson, l. Johnson) movement was on but it was unheaithy and didn’t survive. The search for more natural type ended in Georgian poetry. They kept away from their contemporary period and busied in writing romantic verses. Munro, Brooke, Davies, Mare, drink water, Gibson, Abercrombie were such poets. Some of them survived up to the Second World War but their influenced waned. They were aloof from the contemporary time.

·        Nature poetry

Another “romantic” tendency to be found in some modern poets is interest in nature. The poets as Masefield, Robert Bridge, W.H.Davies and Edmund Blunden may not find any mystic significance in nature but they are all the same, charmed by her unsophisticated beauty. Masefield in sea-fever expresses a strong desire to run away from the dreary life into the lonely points his finger lovingly at the little noticed things of nature. Davies’ poetry has the feature of childlike curiosity in the natural objects everybody finds around himself.

·        Imagism

It was a reaction against Georgian poetry. It flourished in the U.S. and England between 1909 and 1917. The movement was led by American poet Ezra pound and Lower. In England D.H.Lawrence and Richard Aldington were the followers. They issued manifestos and wrote poems and essay embodying their theories. They used precise and sharp images. Brevity was another mean. They chose freedom in the subject matter and form and in the use of colloquial language. Most of the poets used free verse and devices of alliteration of assonance and consonance.

·        War Poetry

The war of 1914-18 reflected its note in presenting grim realism. Pity and waste of war. Rupert Brooke, Siegfried Sassoon, and Willfred Owen contributed in this trend. Some of the poets were soldiers and they had taken part in actual war. They brought their experiences. Physical and mental shocks shook the world. Their powerful which led us to see hard life of soldiers.

·        Surrealism

It was a French movement beginning in 1924. Free functioning of human mind is presented. Dreams states of mind, unconsciousness found the place in the poetry. They made experiences with free associations, violated syntax, non-logical order dreamlike sequences, and unrelated images. Thomas George Barger, Herbert Read followed this tradition.

·        T.s.Eliot

He is greatest of the modern poets started his carrer as a poet during the course of the war with his prufrock and other observations (1917) but his greater and more characteristic works came later. The waste land (1922), The Hollow men (1925), Ash Wednesday (1930), and the rest. He was the founder of the modernistic school of poetry which even today is quite flourishing.

Ø 20^th century drama and some other thing

Plays has remarkable developed in 20^th century. In this century writer main aims to some change in there work. Many novelist write great novel. They all are George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950), J.M.syange (1871-1909), Sean O’Casey (1884-1964) Lady Gregory (1852-1932), John Galsworthy (1867-1933), T.s. Eliot (1888-1965).

George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) His great work ‘man and superman’, ‘saint Joan’, ‘Pygmalion’, ‘Back to Methuselah’ etc. T.s.Eliot (1888-1965) his great work ‘The waste land’ is his master work. ‘Pryfrock and other observation’ etc. Sean O’Casey (1884-1964) ‘The shadow of a gunman’, ‘the silver Tassie’, ‘Red roses for me’, etc.

Ø Marxist approach (communism)

Concern for men is also reflected in the literature. Industrialization grew more and more. There were great factories in which hundreds of laborers were working on one side capitalism was there and on the other side was a labour class. Inequality, exploitation, social injustice, hard work and suffering, economic depression in life remained. Society was not healthy. Great cities grew with poverty and dull slum areas Marx gave a theory. According to him working class can bring progress and enhance society but for this they should throw away capitalism. Communism will help to build a classless society. The works of Bernard Russell, George Orwell, W.h.auden, Stephen spender, Louis Mac Niece, Roy Campbell reflect this attitude. No doubt all of them didn’t favor this concept. Orwell criticized communism in his famous novel “Animal farm”. But the century had such kind of a trend and literature reflected this social matter.

Ø Scientific Approach

The 20^th century had showed that all human misery would be ultimately swept away by science alone. The scientific approach affected also the field of economics and social life was similarly affected. Psychological study developed and Freud’s work influenced the whole world to Freud’s disciple. James Joyee, Virginia Woolf, D.H.Loawrence reflected this note Lawrence advocated returning from complexities Woolf and Joyce revealed in depth recesses of Human mind. Marx is also another influence. He considered man as the outcome economic and social forces.

Ø Psychological Fiction

The study of behaviors and mind is psychology scientific study is known psychological study. Literature was highly influenced by other branches of physiology, sociology and anthropology of knowledge. Freud and Jung’s work gave a big way to creative imagination. Stream of consciousness technique is adopted by many novelties. Henry James is the fromt, runner in literature. It is ‘Ulysses’ (1922) is a supreme work. ‘Finnegan’s wake’ (1939) is another work. Virginia Woolf also wrote psychological fiction. She presents sequences of moments. ‘Mrs. Dalloway’ (1925) occurs within the consciousness of several people during the course of one day. ‘Orlando’ (1928) ‘to the light house’ etc. are such other novels. Dorothy Richardson is considered by some to be pioneer in use of the device; her novel ‘pilgrimage’ (1911-38) is a bulky book is 12 volumes. She analyses the development of a sensitive young woman and her response to the world.

Ø Scientific Fiction

Two major events explosion of atomic bomb in 1945 and successful landing on the moon in 1969 influenced the literature very much it shows that fiction deals with events that happen may have happened or have happened. Common subjects are future. Travel through space of time life on other plants, alien creature’s crisis created by technology and environments. French author Jules Vern in 19^th century was a remarkable novelist. In England Conan Doyle’s ‘the last world’ in 1922 is notable work. However H.G.Wells is a major writer in 1890s his novels. ‘the time machine’, ‘the invisible man’, ‘the first man in moon’ set his reputation Aldus Huxley’s ‘Brave new world’ (1932) and George Orwell’s ‘1984’ (1949) are the important writers.

Ø The Irish Theatre and the repertory movement

                           This century in the beginning experienced the remarkable movement in the field of drama. English drama came out from the influence of Shaw and Galsworthy. The English theatre had influence of Ibsen and French dramatists. The Irish were strange. At that time in England Irish freedom movement was going on. Some people at this time thought of preserving Irish culture. Attention has been paid to a number of writers who strike the Celtic note weather in Britain or Ireland. They had different culture from the English. Compton and Rickett consider it as political and social rather than literary distinctive nationalistic movement Ireland, Scotland and Wales have however given him a more definite position.

                           In Ireland, the literary movement is associated largely with the name of Mr. W.B.Yeats who founded the Irish Literary society, in 1891, and was responsible, some years later for the Irish literary theatre (1902). He was assisted by Dr.Doyglas Hude, Lady Gregory, and Mr. A.P.graves. They concentrated upon the ancient songs and legends of Ireland. Scott had done some kind of work in England representing old romance and songs and legends.

                     Above Stated thought was realized when one Miss A.E.F.  Horniman supplied the monetary fund to develop a new theatre which can have Irish life at centre. ‘Abbey theatre’, (1904) was there and it was developed on this base. This was called Miss Horniman’s company. Same Irish writer’s like W.B.Yeats, Synge, Sean O’Casey and Lady Gregory were the pioneers of the drama in Abbey theatre. Presenting Irish themes and reviving them was their aim. So this movement is also known as ‘Celtic Revival’. In this movement main thing are centre

(1)         Foundation of the society

(2)         Ireland at the centre

(3)         Popularize Irish culture

(4)         Use of Irish Language

Ø The 20^th century English Literary criticism and new critics

Some general observation about 20^th century English literary criticism. First we have to take cognizance of America which has contributed to the critical output of the present century more that even Britain.

Secondary we have to take into account, to use Stanley E.human’s words.

“The organized use of non-literary techniques and bodies of knowledge to obtain insights into literature.”  Thirdly, we are all too well-aware of the complexity of modern literary criticisms particularly of the American Brand.

                        The most notable of all psychological critics is I.A.Richards”, says George Watson “is simply the most influential theorist of the century, as Eliot is the most influential of descriptive critics.” Richards’ works The Foundation of Aesthetics (1921), the principles of literary criticism (1924) and practical criticism (1929) - have considerably contributed to and influenced. Modern literary criticism. Richards rejected the view that poetry has only aesthetic value.

John Crowe pansom, Allen tale, Robert Penn warren, R.P.Blackmur, yvor winter’s and cleanth Brooke’s are the most important new critics. They discredited the historical and biographical background of a poem to concentrate on the poem itself.

                        The 20^th century has also seen the emergence of a group of critics who emphasize the sociological context in the study of a work of literature or even art in general. Christopher Caudwell, Raymond Williams, Lionel Trilling, Edmund Wilson, W.H.Auden and Stephen spender are some of the most important critics whose critical approach is markedly sociological.

Ø Conclusion:-

                               Thus, at last we can say that 20^th century gave us new experience freshness of new life and great achievement of something new, and also the modern age is completely different to earlier age in its life and were many devils on one side but there are also many good sides and one must be optimistic and find positive sighs of the age.