What is journalism? Discuss a role and types of journalism

Name                             :         Bhaliya Uma H.

Roll No                          :         01.

SEM                              :         04. M.A. part -2.

Paper No                       :         E-C-404.

Paper Name                   :         Mass Communication and Media Studies.

Date                               :         18/02/2012.

Topic Name                   :         Assignment on.

“What is journalism? Discuss a role and types of journalism.”

Dept                               :         Department of English.

Submitted To                 :         Dr. Dilip Sir Barad.

                                                Department of English.

                                                Bhavnagar University Bhavnagar.

Ø What is journalism? Discuss a role and types of journalism.

Mass communication and media studies generally interpreted the ‘mass’ media are the press, cinema, radio and television. But journalism also as one part of mass communication and media studies. Because books, magazines, pamphlets and direct mail literature and posters also need to be included in the label. They are so termed because their reach extends to vast heterogeneous masses of the population living in a wide and extensive area of country. And also the mass media is that they are founded on the idea of mass production and mass distribution and the marks of an industrialized society. And also the copies of newspapers and magazines for instance are printed in thousands some national dailies in India have a circulation of over half a million and are circulated over a vast area.

Journalism as one part of mass communication and media studies. Journalism is the practice of investigation and reporting of events, issues and trends to a broad audience in a timely fashion and there are many variations of journalism, the ideal is to inform the intended audience along with covering organizations and institutions such as government and business, journalism also covers cultural aspects of society such as arts and entertainment. The field includes editing, photojournalism and documentary.

Ø What is journalism?  History of journalism.

Journalism the words ‘journal ’, ‘journalist’ and ‘journalism’ have their origin in a French derivation from the Latin term ‘diurnalis’ which means ‘daily’. Among the early Romans, say around 130 B.C., a practice grew of putting up two hand-written bulletins in the forum, the main public-square in Rome. The bulletins called ‘acta diurna’ describing the daily events of interest and important matters and 200 copies were made. This was probably the first newspapers in the world but it was dealing with events rather than views. However the origin of modern western style of journalism can be traced to be occasional news book of 17^th century England which offered short summaries of events of course, it had no headline, large type of letters were used and it appeared in three coliums. In 1720 news and views were kept separately then the industrial revolution was brought in so many advertisement and printing technology was developed so fast and then newspapers become easy to print and highly popular to read many definitions have been given to describe journalism but in short we can say that it is a report of things as they appear at the moment of writing not a definition study of a situation furthers, it is the contemporary report of a changing scene intended to inform readers of what is happening around them. Ultimately what journalism is depends on our news values. At present, journalism has become the fourth estate and pillor of the society and mirror of the nation. In last fourty years print media has undergone massive change so far layout, visual display, ready material and role of the press is concerned. It has become flourishing competitive and challenging there is notable increase and advancement in regional language newspapers also. The news paper or the print media has constant compete with electronic media. And therefore newspapers quality has gone up, and also print media includes newspapers, books, magazines, booklets, pamphlets and periodicals etc.

Ø Role of journalism

As modern journalism was just taking form, writer Walter Lippmann and American philosopher john Dewey debated over the role of journalism in a democracy in the 1920s and their differing philosophies still characterize a debate about the role of journalism in society and the nation – state.

·        Freedom of press.

The freedom of press has included the freedom of speech and expression. The freedom of press is essential in any democratic society for healthy development people at large can know about undercurrents of the national scenario, government and its function. The press is great social asset as it works as watch door on various activities and authorities by exercising its role to warn. The freedom of press is the mother of all other freedom. Countries which curve their newspapers suffer great loss in the long run. Freedom of press reflects healthy government procedure and therefore it has been treated as sacred status. There showed be. But all our respect for press freedom. We cannot overlook the security of the state, privacy of the individual, decency of public life and harmony among the various groups of society and therefore any news or report which harms this aspect of this group should not be allowed. Therefore there are media laws which curtail press freedom. Anything that disturbs security and integrity of the nation, communal harmony, and international relationship, decency in public life or interference in private life or matters in relation to contempt of court is considered as offense and legal actions are provided. Therefore press freedom can be viewed from two sides. First is the external and internal pressure such as interference by political and business leaders or pressures from advertiser or physical attacks on the press people and so on. And second is that various media laws restrict their freedom.

·        Codes and ethics of journalism.

Codes and ethics for journalism. Began to be formulated since the early 1920s. Today more than 60 countries around the world have grown up and enforced such codes of course they change from one country to another. But the concept and responsibility repetition the same. In 1977, UNESCO appointed a 16 members body as international commission for the study of communication problems and the title was ‘many voices’. One word towards a new more just and more efficient world information and communication order. It was led by former Irish foreign minister Sean MacBride. The body studied and analyzed the situation of communication in the world as a whole paying particular attention to the problems related to the balanced and free flow of information. It declared that censorship or arbitrary control of information should be abolished and it should be accurate, full, balanced. Reporting must be encouraged this was in keeping with the article 19 of the universal declaration of human right according to which everyone has a right to freedom of opinion and expression. The MacBride report also laid down certain responsibility as well as concept of press ethics for example safeguarding freedom of information, freedom of access to information sources, objectivity, accuracy, truthfulness and non misrepresentation of facts, and responsibility to the public and its right and interest. The obligation to reframe from violation of privacy, slander, integrity and independence, the right of reply and correction, respect of professional confidentiality.

·        Legal status.

The word ‘censor’ for press means an official examination of material before publication. Any part of the print material which does not tall on to code of ethics of journalism offends people which may disturb maternal security and external defonce of India or public safety and public order may be removed by the censoring authority after examining. Some more mation is classified as not for publication. The authority can cheek it and take it legal action against the publisher and may cancel their registration. The government exercises control over the press in many other indirect ways. The press information bureau, intelligence bereau and the central agency that handle government press and public relations keep close watch on newspaper contents. Moreover, from the time of the British rule, there exist various laws which further curtail press freedom. They are all in force in the interest of public order and of security of the state.

The Indian penal code (1860) as per Indian penal code, to incite enmity between classes of citizen, and to spread any rumors or reports likely to incite members of armed forces to mutimy or failure of duty, and to cause alarm to any section of the public whereby there is an inducement to commit an offense against the state or public peace, and to utter words or to make visible presentation, with intend to wound religious feeling of any class or citizen.

Indian telegraph act (1885). It empowers the state to intercept, detain or not to translate any message in the interest of public safety or sovereignty and integrity of the state. During emergency, press messages can be intercepted.

Ø Some trends in Indian journalism.

Journalism also covers cultural aspects of society such as arts and entertainment for example the three fields includes editing, photo journalism and documentary.

·        Editing

Editing is the process of selecting and preparing written, visual, and audible and film media used to convey information through the processes of correction, condensation, organization, and other modifications performed with an intention of producing a correct, consistent, accurate, and complete work.

·        Photo journalism

Photojournalism is a particular form of journalism that creates images in order to tell a news story. It is now usually understood to refer only to still images. But in some cases the term also refers to video used in broadcast journalism.

·        Defining ‘documentary’.

Documentary practice is the complex process of creating documentary projects. It refers to what people do with media devices, content, form, and production strategies in order to address the creative, ethical, and conceptual problems and choices that arise as they make documentaries.

Ø Print media

The two hundred years history of the Indian press (news paper) from the time of Hicky to the present day is the history of a struggle for freedom. In fact, the first news paper was published by William bolts to provide information to the British community of their nomes and of expressing greevence against colonial admistriation. But it was James Augustus hicky who started his ‘Bengal gazettes’ in 1780 and with that the age of journalism dawned in India. Hicky was a printer by profession and him described ‘Bengal gazettes’ as a weekly political and commercial paper open to all parties but influenced by none. Individually he was against Mrs. Warren Hastings he used to publish announcement of morrige and engagements and of likely engagements with all his weak point hicky considered the liberty of press. Essential and that quite interesting and useful for the future press. He used to believe that there should be full liberty to express opinions and be worked accordingly. Finally in 1781 he was arrested and thorown into jail because he continued writing for the gazettes. So his printing types were ceized and he was sent back to England. In the following Meers. Five news papers made their appearance in Bengal all started by English men madras and Bombay soon started ‘the madras courier’ and ‘the Bombay herald’ in initial period. There newspapers were subservient of the British ruler and the total circulation was not more than two thousand. Yet the government issued press regulation in 1799 by which the name of the printer, editor and corporate was obligatory.

Ø Types of journalism.

1)    Advocacy journalism.

Advocacy journalism writing to advocate particular viewpoints or influence the opinions of the audience. Advocacy journalism is a genre of journalism that intentionally and transparently adopts a non – objective viewpoint, usually for some social or political purpose and because it is intended to be factual, it is distinguished from propaganda and it is also distinct from instances of media bias and failures of objectivity in media outlets, which attempt to be or which present themselves as objective or neutral for examples advocacy journalism is practiced by a broad range of mainstream media outlets and alternations media and special interest publications and programs, but might also apply to a single article in an otherwise – neutral publication, such as political stories article in an otherwise – neutral publication, such as political stories in rolling stone. There are also “advocacy journalism”, or “alternative publication”, which are marketed to target groups based on their interests or biases for example print media such as the nation, mother Jones, national review etc.

2)    Broadcast journalism

Broadcast journalism also one part of journalism. Broadcast journalism writing or speaking which is intended to be distributed by radio or television broadcasting, rather than only in written form for readers and also broadcast journalism is the field of news and journalism which are “broadcast” and also that is published by electrical methods, instead of the older methods, such as printed newspapers and posters. And broadcast methods include radio or television so the media disperse pictures visual text, and sounds. So the radio was the first medium for broadcast journalism. And many of the first radio stations were co-operative community radio ventures not making a profit. And radio advertising to pay for programs was pioneered in radio and television displaced radio and newspapers as the main news sources for most of the public in industrialized countries and next is television news is considered by many to be the most influential medium for journalism. So the television is dominated by attractive visuals with short soundbites and fast “cuts”. Television journalism viewership has become fragmented, with the 24hour united states cable news television channels such as cable news network (cnn) staring in 1980, for news channel and msnbc in the 1990s.

3)    Investigative journalism.

Investigative journalism is also one part of journalism. In investigative journalism writing which seeks to add extra information to explain, or better describe the people and events of a particular topic. So the investigative journalism is a form of journalism in which reporters deeply investigate a single topic of interest, often involving crime, political corruption or corporate wrongdoing. And an investigative journalism may spend months or years researching and preparing a report. Investigative journalism is a primary source of information, and most investigative journalism is done by newspapers, wire services and freelance journalism. And practitioners sometimes use the terms “watchdog journalism” or “accountability reporting”.

4)    Tabloid journalism

Tabloid journalism is one part of journalism. Tabloid journalism writing which uses opinionated or wild claims. Tabloid journalism tends to emphasize topics such as sensational crime stories, astrology, gossip columns about the personal lives of celebrities and sports stars, and junk food news. And journalism is commonly associated with tabloid sized newspapers like “ the national enquirer”, “globe” or “the daily mail” and the former “news of the world.’ and the terms “tabloids”, “supermarket tabloids”, “gutter press”, and “rag”, refer to the journalistic approach of such newspapers rather than their size and also that tabloid newspapers allegations about the sexual practices, drug use, or private conduct of celebrities is borderline defamatory and in many cases celebrities have successfully used for libel, demonstrating that tabloid stories have defamed them. And it is this sense of the word that led to some entertainment news programs to be called tabloid television.

5)    Yellow journalism

Yellow journalism also one part of journalism. Yellow journalism is also known as sensationalism and it is writing which emphasizes exaggerated claims or rumors. And also that yellow journalism or the yellow press, is a type of journalism that presents little or  no legitimate well – researched news and instead uses eye-catching headlines to sell more newspapers and techniques may include exaggerations of news events, scandal-mongering and or sensationalism. The term yellow journalism is used today as a pejorative to decry any journalism that treats news in an unprofessional or unethical fashion and Campbell (2001) defines yellow press newspapers as having daily multi-column front page headlines covering a variety of topics, such as sports and scandal, using bold layouts, heavy reliance or unnamed sources, and unabashed self-promotions. And the term was extensively used to describe certain major New York City newspapers about 1900 as they battled for circulation.

 

The Teaching of Language through Literature

Name                             :         Bhaliya Uma H.

Roll No                          :         01.

SEM                              :         04. M.A. part -2.

Paper No                       :         E-C-402.

Paper Name                   :         English Language Teaching – 2.

Date                              :         06/02/2012.

Topic Name                  :         Assignment on.

“The Teaching of Language through Literature.”

Dept                               :         Department of English.

Submitted To                 :         Dr. Dilip Sir Barad.

                                                Department of English.

                                                Bhavnagar University Bhavnagar.

Teaching language through literature and with the use of literature as a popular technique for teaching both basic language skills example for reading, writing, listening, and speaking and language areas example for vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation in our times. Literature and the teaching of language skills, benefits of different genres of literature to language teaching and some problem encountered by language teaching within the area of teaching language trough literature genres of literature example for poetry, short fiction, drama and novel.

Ø Introduction.

In recent years, the role of literature as a basic component. English teaching today has evolved around the primary emphasis on its viability as a communication skill to help acquire jobs, promote business interests or provide various forms of entertainments. Teaching language through literature  Another perspective that strengthens the argument of the advocates of teaching English without any affiliation with its literature, borders on the fact that the world today needs English for Special Purposes – for the understanding of scientific or technical vocabulary specific to different subjects of interest to the learners. English has been commonly attributed to the teaching methods as used and adopted by language teachers. Our main concern as teachers and teacher trainers is not to teach about language, but to develop learners’ abilities to make them capable of using the language for a variety of communicative purposes. But there is a difference between teaching about the language and communicating in the language. But many teachers believe that teaching about the language in itself will make the learners capable of using the language for communication. In fact, there is often ‘a great ability gap’ between having information and being able to use it spontaneously for communicative purposes. A great gap between knowledge and the ability to use that knowledge in terms of communication and the Manipulation of that communication. In order to bridge this gap and frame a relevant syllabus its contents should be made to bear a resemblance to the social contexts. And this awareness of the social context can be had from the world of literature which depicts society in all its hues and colors in a language as varied as it is authentic and natural. It is here that the learner might encounter his real world outside the classrooms. The syllabus should include verbal and non-verbal communication, short narratives, short stories, dialogues, conversations, and interviews. These short literary texts will.

Teaching language through literature help teachers first to acquaint themselves with language use to develop their own competence and understand language as a social phenomenon, and not as an exclusive branch of learning. And another thing is that it transforms the classrooms as the stage in which there is real practice of communicative language. And also help teachers to consider language as entailing social acceptability in other words; they can look to classroom language as carrying resemblance with the outside language. And As a result, this would raise communication to the level of a social responsibility.

Ø What is literature? 

Literature is a term used to describe written or spoken material. Broadly speaking, "literature" is used to describe anything from creative writing to more technical or scientific works, but the term is most commonly used to refer to works of the creative imagination, including works of poetry, drama, fiction, and nonfiction. 

Ø Why and What Literature Is Useful in Language Learning?

Teaching Language Through Literature to use of literature as a technique for teaching both basic language skills example for reading, writing, listening, and speaking and language areas example for vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation is very popular within the field of foreign language learning and teaching nowadays and in translation courses, many language teachers make their students translate literary texts like drama, poetry and short stories into the mother tongue. Literature is used and different context. Example for focus on teaching language and language learning purpose vs. academic analytical purpose and linguistic orientation vs. literary critical orientation and learning how to study literature vs. studying literature.

Literature offers a wide range of language structures, which can enhance our understanding of the range of language usages. This understanding a direct impact on the learner’s ability to learn and use language not for mechanical responses but for the expression and response of those thoughts and ideas which would have stifled in the brain in the absence of rich language resources. Literature work in such a situation becomes a vehicle for language learning.

Ø Using Literary Texts in Foreign Language Classes.

Four Main Reasons Which Lead a Language Teacher to Use Literature in the Classroom.

·         Valuable Authentic Material.

Literature is authentic material and most works of literature are not created for the primary purpose of teaching a language. But many authentic samples of language in real-life contexts example for newspaper or magazine and articles are included within recently developed course materials. Thus, in a classroom context, learners are exposed to actual language samples of real life and real life like settings. And students have also to cope with language intended for native speakers, they become familiar with many different linguistic forms, communicative functions and meanings.

·         Cultural Enrichment.

For many language learners.  The ideal way to increase their understanding of Verbal and non-verbal aspects of communication in the country within which that language is spoken - a visit or an extended stay - is just not probable. For such learners, literary works like as novels, plays, or short stories etc. a novel, play, or short story is an imaginary and it presents a full and colorful setting in which characters from many social and regional backgrounds can be described. The way the characters in such literary works see the world outside example for their thoughts, feelings, customs, traditions, possessions. Literature is perhaps best regarded as a complement to other materials used to develop the foreign learner’s understanding into the country whose language is being learned. And Also literature adds a lot to the cultural grammar of the learners.

·         Language Enrichment.

Literature provides Learners with a wide range of individual lexical or syntactic items. Students become familiar with many features of the written language, reading a substantial and contextualized body of text. And they learn about the syntax and discourse functions of sentences, the variety of possible structures, the different ways of connecting ideas, which develop and enrich their own writing skills. They improve their communicative and cultural competence in the authentic richness, naturalness of the authentic texts.

·         Personal Involvement.

Literature can be useful in the language learning process owing to the personal involvement it fosters in the reader. Once the student reads a literary text, he begins to inhabit the text. He is drawn into the text. And Understanding the meanings of lexical items or phrases becomes less significant than pursuing the development of the story. And also the student becomes enthusiastic to find out what happens as events unfold via the climax. And he feels close to certain characters and shares their emotional responses. This can have beneficial effects upon the

Whole language learning process. At this juncture, the prominence of the selection of a literary text in relation to the needs, expectations, and interests, language level of the students is evident. In this process, he can remove the identity crisis and develop into an extrovert. Some of the other reasons for regarding literature as a potent resource in the language classroom.

·         Universality.

Because we are all human beings and the themes literature deals with are common to all cultures despite their different way of treatment example for like Death, Love, Separation, Belief, Nature ... the list is familiar. These experiences all happen to human beings.

·         Non – Triviality.

Many of the more familiar forms of language teaching inputs tend to trivialize texts or experience. Literature does not trivialize or talk down. It is about things which mattered to the author when he wrote them. It may offer genuine as well as merely “authentic” inputs.

·         3. Personal Relevance

Since it deals with ideas, things, sensations and events which either constitutes part of the reader’s experience or which they can enter into imaginatively, they are able to relate it to their own lives.

·         Variety

Literature includes within it all possible varieties of subject matter. And It is in fact a battery of topics to use in ELT. Within literature. We can find the language of law and of mountaineering, of medicine and of bull-fighting, of church sermons and nursery talk.

·         Interest

Literature deals with themes and topics which are intrinsically interesting, because part of the human experience, and treats them in ways designed to engage the reader’s attention.

·         Economy and suggestive power

One of the great strengths of literature is its suggestive power. Even in its simplest forms, it invites us to go beyond what is said to what is implied. Since it suggests many ideas with few words, literature is ideal for generating language discussion. Maximum output can often be derived from minimum input.

·         Ambiguity

And at last ambiguity it is highly suggestive and associative, literature speaks subtly different meanings to different people. It is rare for two readers to react identically to any given text. And in teaching. This has two advantages. And the first advantage is that each learner’s interpretation has validity within limits. The second advantage is that an almost infinite fund of interactive discussion is guaranteed since each person’s perception is different and that no two readers will have a completely convergent interpretation establishes the tension that is necessary for a genuine exchange of ideas.

Ø  Literature and the Teaching of Language skills.

Teaching Language through Literature a Literature plays an important role in teaching four basic language skills like reading, writing, listening and speaking. And when using literature in the language classroom skills should never be taught in isolation but in an integrated way. Teachers should try to teach basic language skills as an integral part of oral and written language use, as part of the means for creating both referential and interactional meaning, not merely as an aspect of the oral and written production of words, phrases and sentences. And the study of literature in a language class, though being mainly associated with reading and writing, can play an equally meaningful role in teaching both speaking and listening. Oral reading, dramatization, improvisation, role-playing, pandomiming, reenactment, discussion, and group activities may center on a work of literature.

Ø Using of Different Genres of Literature to Language.

v Poetry.

Teaching language through literature Poetry can pave the way for the learning and teaching of basic language skills. And it is metaphor that is the most prominent connection between learning and poetry. And because most poetry consciously or unconsciously makes use of metaphor as one of its primary methods, poetry offers a significant learning process. There are at least two learning benefits that can be derived from studying poetry. First is that the appreciation of the writer’s composition process, which students gain by studying poems by components. And second is that Developing sensitivity for words and discoveries that may later grow into a deeper interest and greater analytical ability. But some other benefits of poetry is the educational.

§  provides readers with a different viewpoint towards language use by going beyond the

§  known usages and rules of grammar, syntax and vocabulary,

§  triggers unmotivated readers owing to being so open to explorations and different

§  interpretations,

§  evokes feelings and thoughts in heart and in mind,

§  Makes students familiar with figures of speech due to their being a part of daily language use. Example of simile, metaphor, irony, personification, imagery, etc.

Thus, poetry is a rewarding and enjoyable experience with the properties of rhyming and rhythm both of which convey “love and appreciation for the sound and power of language.” At this juncture, it can be stated that students become familiar with the suprasegmental aspects of the target language, such as stress, pitch, juncture, intonation by studying poetry.

v Short Stories.

Teaching language through literature a Short fiction is a supreme resource for observing not only language but life itself. And In short fiction, characters act out all the real and symbolic acts people carry out in daily lives and do so in a variety of registers and tones. The world of short fiction both mirrors and illuminates human lives (Sage 1987:43). The inclusion of short fiction in the ESL / EFL curriculum offers the following educational benefits example for following educational benefits.

§  makes the students’ reading task easier due to being simple and short when

§  compared with the other literary genres,

§  enlarges the advanced level readers’ worldviews about different cultures and

§  different groups of people,

§  provides more creative, encrypt, challenging texts that require personal

§  exploration supported with prior knowledge for advanced level readers,

§  motivates learners to read due to being an authentic material,

§  offers a world of wonders and a world of mystery,

§  gives students the chance to use their creativity,

§  promotes critical thinking skills,

§  facilitates teaching a foreign culture (i.e. serves as a valuable instrument in

§  attaining cultural knowledge of the selected community,

§  makes students feel themselves comfortable and free,

§  helps students coming from various backgrounds communicate with each other

§  because of its universal language,

§  helps students to go beyond the surface meaning and dive into underlying

§  meanings,

§  acts as a perfect vehicle to help students understand the positions of

§  themselves as well as the others by transferring these gained knowledge to their

Own world.

Thus, the use of a short story seems to be a very helpful technique in today’s foreign language classes. And it makes the students’ reading task and the teacher’s coverage easier. An important feature of short fiction is its being universal. To put it differently, students all over the world have experienced stories and can relate to them. And also a short fiction, like all other types of literature, makes contribution to the development of cognitive analytical abilities by bringing the whole self to bear on a compressed account of a situation

In a single place and moment.

v Drama.

Teaching language through literature a drama in a language classroom is a good resource for language teaching. And It is through the use of drama that learners become familiar with grammatical structures in contexts and also learn about how to use the language to express, control and inform. The use of drama raises the students’ awareness towards the target language and culture. In this context, the use of drama as a tool rather than an end gains importance in teaching a foreign language. And the educational benefits of drama are that.

§  stimulates the imagination and promotes creative thinking,

§  develops critical thinking skills,

§  promotes language development,

§  heightens effective listening skills,

§  strengthens comprehension and learning retention by involving the senses as an

§  integral part of the learning process,

§  increases empathy and awareness of others,

§  fosters peer respect and group cooperation,

§  reinforces positive self-concept,

§  Provides teachers with a fresh perspective on teaching.

§  bringing authenticity into the classroom,

§  exposing the learners to the target culture as well as the social problems a society

May be undergoing,

§  increasing creativity, originality, sensitivity, fluency, flexibility, emotional

Stability, cooperation, and examination of moral attitudes, while developing

Communication skills and appreciation of literature,

§  helping learners improve their level of competence with respect to their receptive

And productive skills,

§  providing a solid basis for the learners to bridge the gap between their receptive

And productive skills,

§  offering students the space and time to develop new ideas and insights in a range

Of contexts,

§  enabling students to develop new understandings and forms of knowing not

Accessible in other more traditional ways of learning.

Thus, the use of drama seems to be an effective technique in today’s communication-based, student-centered foreign language teaching. it is an authentic material, it helps students to promote their comprehension of the verbal / nonverbal aspects of the target language they are trying to master.

v Novel.

Teaching language trough literature a novel is a beneficial technique for mastering not only linguistic system but also life in relation to the target language. In novel, characters reflect what people really perform in daily lives. Novels not only portray but also enlighten human lives. Using novel in a foreign language class offers the following educational benefits that.

§  develops the advanced level readers’ knowledge about different cultures and

§  different groups of people,

§  increases students’ motivation to read owing to being an authentic material,

§  offers real life / real life like settings,

§  gives students the opportunity to make use of their creativity,

§  improves critical thinking skills,

§  paves the way for teaching the target language culture,

§  Enables students to go beyond what is written and dive into what is meant.

And when selecting a novel to be used in the foreign language class, the language teacher should pay attention to whether the novel has an intriguing story that will be of interest to the entire class. Themes and settings captivating their imagination and exploring the human condition should be included in the nature of the selected novels. Novel should have a powerful, fast-paced plot and interesting, well delineated, memorable characters. and The content of the novel should be suitable to students' cognitive and emotional levels. Specific themes and concepts being developed in class should also be incorporated within the novel. When assessing comprehension, teachers may employ novel tests requiring students to develop the sub-skills of written language like spelling, handwriting, grammar, and punctuation. Essay type tests written by teachers help students to gradually improve their skills in writing and organizing material into paragraphs with acceptable sentence structure.

Thus, the use of novel is a very beneficial technique in today’s foreign language classes. If selected carefully, using a novel makes the students’ reading lesson motivating, interesting and entertaining. Though many students find reading a novel written in a target language difficult, boring, unmotivating, novel is a very effective way of building vocabulary and developing reading comprehension skills. And it is through reading that students broaden their horizons, become familiar with other cultures, and hence develop their intercultural communicative competence, learning how to view the world from different perspectives. The result will be the possession of critical thinking and writing.

Ø Conclusion.

Thus, at last literature helps students acquire a native-like competence in English, express their ideas in good English, and learn the features of modern English, and also learn how the English linguistic system is used for communication, see how idiomatic expressions are used, speak clearly, precisely, and concisely, and become more proficient in English, as well as become creative, critical, and analytical learners. Literature is not only a tool for developing the written and oral skills of the students in the target language but also is a window opening into the culture of the target language, building up a cultural competence in students.